Orissa boasts the highest number of tribes among Indian states, with around 62 distinct tribes identified within its borders.

The state of Odisha is a tapestry of diversity, woven together by its rich cultural and geographical landscape. This eastern gem of India stands out not only for its historical temples and stunning natural beauty but also for its vibrant mosaic of indigenous tribes. These tribes, the heartbeat of Odisha, have preserved their unique traditions and ways of life through the ages, contributing to the state’s rich cultural heritage.
Odisha’s tribal communities primarily inhabit the Eastern Ghats, spreading their presence across a number of districts including Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar, Jajpur, Balasore, Bhadrak, Deogarh, Dhenkanal, Angul, Jharsuguda, Sundargarh, Kandhamal, and beyond. Among these, the Kondh and Santal tribes are particularly prominent, with their influences resonating throughout the state. Other notable tribes such as the Munda, Oram, and Gond also play significant roles in the region’s cultural fabric.
Traditionally, these tribes have thrived on a subsistence economy, engaging in agriculture, fishing, farming, hunting, and gathering. This way of life has allowed them to maintain a deep connection with their land and heritage. However, as time progresses, some tribal groups have ventured into the mining and industrial sectors, adapting to the changing economic landscape of Odisha.
In addition to the widely known tribes, Odisha is home to others like the Koya, Mohali, and Loharas, each contributing their own specialized skills to the state’s cultural and economic life. The Koya tribe is known for its expertise in cattle breeding, while the Mohali tribe excels in tool making, and the Loharas are celebrated for their intricate basket weaving.
Odisha offers a unique opportunity to immerse oneself in the traditions and culture of these tribes. Visitors can witness firsthand the colorful and distinctive costumes that symbolize each tribe’s identity, experience their traditional rituals, and gain insights into their daily lives. The state provides a window into how these communities sustain their cultural heritage while adapting to modern influences.
In essence, the tribes of Odisha are not merely inhabitants of the land; they are its soul. Their enduring traditions, vibrant lifestyles, and specialized skills weave together to form a crucial part of Odisha’s rich and diverse identity.